Text of MA S 2912 (2024)

1 of 42 SENATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 2912 July 30, 2024 -- Text of the Senate amendment to the House Bill to ensure legal parentage equality (House, No. 4750) (being the text of Senate, No. 2906, printed as amended) The Commonwealth of Massachusetts _______________ In the One Hundred and Ninety-Third General Court (2023-2024) _______________ 1 SECTION 1. Section 1 of chapter 46 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 2022 2 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking out the second paragraph and inserting in place 3 thereof the following paragraph:- 4 In the record of births, name, date of birth, place of birth and sex of child; legal names, 5 dates of birth, residences, places of birth and surname at birth or adoption of the parent or 6 parents. In the record of birth of a child born to parents not married to each other, the name of 7 and other facts relating to the other parent or parents shall not be recorded except as provided in 8 section 2 of chapter 209C where parentage has been acknowledged or adjudicated under the laws 9 of the commonwealth or under the law of any other jurisdiction. 10 SECTION 2. Section 4B of said chapter 46 is hereby repealed. 11 SECTION 3. Section 13 of said chapter 46, as appearing in the 2022 Official Edition, is 12 hereby amended by striking out, in lines 53 to 56, inclusive, the words “paternity by a court or 13 administrative agency of competent jurisdiction in the commonwealth and the court orders the 14 state registrar to amend the birth certificate to include the information relating to the father” and 15 inserting in place thereof the following words:- parentage by a court or administrative agency of 2 of 42 16 competent jurisdiction in the commonwealth and the court orders the state registrar to originally 17 issue or to amend the birth certificate to include the information relating to the parentage of the 18 child. 19 SECTION 4. Chapter 209C of the General Laws is hereby amended by striking out the 20 title, as so appearing, and inserting in place thereof the following title:- NONMARITAL 21 CHILDREN AND PARENTAGE OF CHILDREN. 22 SECTION 5. Section 1 of chapter 209C of the General Laws, as so appearing, is hereby 23 amended by inserting after the first sentence the following sentence:- A child shall have the same 24 rights and protections under law to parentage without regard to the marital status, gender, gender 25 identity or sexual orientation of their parents or the circumstances of the child’s birth, including 26 whether the child was born as a result of assisted reproduction or surrogacy. 27 SECTION 6. Said section 1 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 28 amended by striking out, in lines 7 and 8, 14, 15 and 17, the word “paternity” and inserting in 29 place thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parentage. 30 SECTION 7. Said section 1 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 31 amended by striking out, in lines 11 and 20, the words “child born out of wedlock” and inserting 32 in place thereof, in each instance, the following words:- nonmarital child. 33 SECTION 8. Said section 1 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 34 amended by striking out, in lines 11 and 12, the words “a man and woman” and inserting in place 35 thereof the following word:- persons. 3 of 42 36 SECTION 9. Said section 1 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 37 amended by striking out, in lines 20 and 25, the word “his”, and inserting in place thereof, in 38 each instance, the following word:- their. 39 SECTION 10. Said chapter 209C is hereby further amended by inserting after section 1 40 the following section:- 41 Section 1A. For the purposes of this chapter the following terms shall have the following 42 meanings, unless the context clearly requires otherwise: 43 “Acknowledged parent”, a person who has established a parent-child relationship through 44 a voluntary acknowledgement of parentage. 45 “Adjudicated parent”, a person who has been adjudicated to be a parent of a child by a 46 court of competent jurisdiction. 47 “Alleged genetic parent”, a person who is alleged to be or alleges to be a genetic parent 48 of a child whose parentage has not been adjudicated; provided, however, that “alleged genetic 49 parent” shall include a putative parent, an alleged genetic father and an alleged genetic mother; 50 and provided further, that “alleged genetic parent” shall not include a presumed parent under 51 section 6, an individual whose parental rights have been terminated or declared not to exist or a 52 donor as described in section 27. 53 “Assisted reproduction”, a method of causing pregnancy other than sexual intercourse 54 including, but not limited to, artificial insemination, intrauterine, intracervical or vaginal 55 insemination, donation of gametes or embryos, in vitro fertilization and transfer of embryos and 56 intracytoplasmic sperm injection. 4 of 42 57 “Donor”, a person who provides a gamete or embryo intended for use in assisted 58 reproduction or gestation, whether or not for consideration; provided, however, that this term 59 shall not include a person who consents to assisted reproduction with the intent to be a parent of 60 the resulting child. 61 “Genetic surrogacy agreement”, a surrogacy agreement involving a genetic surrogate. 62 “Genetic surrogate”, a person who is not an intended parent and agrees to become 63 pregnant through assisted reproduction using their own gamete under a genetic surrogacy 64 agreement as provided in this chapter. 65 “Gestational surrogacy agreement”, a surrogacy agreement involving a gestational 66 surrogate. 67 “Gestational surrogate”, a person who is not an intended parent and agrees to become 68 pregnant through assisted reproduction using gametes that are not their own under a gestational 69 surrogacy agreement as provided in this chapter. 70 “Intended parent”, a person, whether married or unmarried, who manifests an intent to be 71 legally bound as a parent of a child resulting from assisted reproduction. 72 “Nonmarital child”, a child born to persons who are not married to each other. 73 “Parent”, a person who has established parentage of a child through: (i) birth except as 74 otherwise provided in sections 28 to 28P, inclusive; (ii) presumption pursuant to section 6; (iii) 75 adjudication by a court of competent jurisdiction; (iv) adoption pursuant to chapter 210; (v) 76 acknowledgement pursuant to section 11; (vi) de facto parentage pursuant to section 25; (vii) 5 of 42 77 assisted reproduction pursuant to section 27; or (viii) surrogacy pursuant to sections 28 to 28P, 78 inclusive. 79 “Parentage” or “parent-child relationship”, the legal relationship between a child and a 80 parent of the child. 81 “Presumed parent”, a person who is presumed to be a parent of a child pursuant to section 82 6, unless the presumption is overcome in a judicial proceeding, a valid denial of parentage is 83 made under section 11 or a court adjudicates the person to be a parent. 84 “Surrogacy agreement”, an agreement between 1 or more intended parents and a person 85 who is not an intended parent in which that person agrees to become pregnant through assisted 86 reproduction and which provides that each intended parent is a parent of a child conceived under 87 the agreement. 88 “Surrogate”, a genetic surrogate or gestational surrogate. 89 SECTION 11. Section 2 of said chapter 209C, as appearing in the 2022 Official Edition, 90 is hereby amended by striking out, in line 1, the word “Paternity” and inserting in place thereof 91 the following word:- Parentage. 92 SECTION 12. Said section 2 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 93 amended by striking out, in lines 5, 6, 12, 13, 16 and 18, the word “paternity” and inserting in 94 place thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parentage. 95 SECTION 13. Section 3 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 96 striking out, in lines 3, 7, 32, 35 and 36 and 51, the word “paternity” and inserting in place 97 thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parentage. 6 of 42 98 SECTION 14. Said section 3 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 99 amended by inserting after the word “parentage”, in line 4, the following words:- under this 100 chapter. 101 SECTION 15. Said section 3 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 102 amended by striking out, in line 13, the word “his” and inserting in place thereof the following 103 word:- their. 104 SECTION 16. Section 4 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 105 striking out, in lines 1 and 11, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof, in each 106 instance, the following word:- parentage. 107 SECTION 17. Section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 108 striking out, in lines 1 and 2, 19, 55, 60 and 62, the word “paternity” and inserting in place 109 thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parentage. 110 SECTION 18. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 111 amended by striking out, in line 3, the word “mother” and inserting in place thereof the following 112 words:- person who gave birth to the child. 113 SECTION 19. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 114 amended by striking out, in lines 4 and 21, the word “himself” and inserting in place thereof, in 115 each instance, the following word:- themselves. 116 SECTION 20. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 117 amended by striking out, in lines 4 and 9, each time it appears, the word “father” and inserting in 118 place thereof, in each instance, the following words:- other parent. 7 of 42 119 SECTION 21. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 120 amended by striking out, in line 7, the words “mother if the mother” and inserting in place 121 thereof the following words:- person who gave birth to the child if that person. 122 SECTION 22. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 123 amended by striking out, in line 17, the words “mother of the child” and inserting in place 124 thereof the following words:- person who gave birth to the child. 125 SECTION 23. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 126 amended by striking out, in lines 21 and 22, the words “father unless he is or was the mother’s 127 husband” and inserting in place thereof the following words:- parent unless such parent is or was 128 the spouse of the person who gave birth to the child. 129 SECTION 24. Said section 5 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 130 amended by striking out subsection (b) and inserting in place thereof the following subsection:- 131 (b) Voluntary acknowledgments of parentage may be executed by the person who gave 132 birth and either an alleged genetic parent, presumed parent or intended parent as provided in this 133 chapter, whether either or both is a minor, and may be registered pursuant to section 11 only if 134 the signatures of both signatories are notarized. If the person who gave birth to the child was or 135 is married to a spouse other than the other parent and the child’s birth occurs during the marriage 136 or within 300 days of its termination by divorce, a voluntary acknowledgment of parentage 137 naming the other parent may be executed by the person who gave birth and the other parent only 138 if the person who gave birth and their spouse or former spouse at the time of the child’s birth or 139 conception sign an affidavit denying that the spouse is the parent of the child; provided, 140 however, that where the marriage has been terminated by annulment or by the death of either 8 of 42 141 spouse, parentage of the other parent may only be established by filing a complaint to establish 142 parentage as provided in this chapter. Prior to signing a voluntary acknowledgment of parentage 143 at the hospital or thereafter at the office of the city or town clerk as part of the birth registration 144 process pursuant to section 3C of chapter 46, with the department of transitional assistance, with 145 the IV–D agency set forth in chapter 119A, with any agency designated by the United States 146 Secretary of Health and Human Services or with any official of a court, a person who gave birth 147 and the other parent shall receive notice orally, or through the use of video or audio equipment, 148 and in writing of alternatives to signing the acknowledgment, including the availability of 149 genetic marker testing, as well as the benefits and responsibilities with respect to child support, 150 custody and visitation that may arise from signing the acknowledgment and subsequently filing 151 the acknowledgment with the court or with the registrar of vital records and statistics as provided 152 in this chapter. 153 SECTION 25. Section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 154 striking out, in lines 1 and 2, the words “In all actions under this chapter a man is presumed to be 155 the father of a child and must be joined as a party” and inserting in place thereof the following 156 words:- A person is presumed to be the parent of a child and shall be joined as a party in all 157 actions under this chapter. 158 SECTION 26. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 159 amended by striking out, in lines 3, 6, 11, 14, 16 and 18, the word “he” and inserting in place 160 thereof, in each instance, the following words:- the person. 9 of 42 161 SECTION 27. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 162 amended by striking out, in line 3, 7, 12 and 19, the word “mother” and inserting in place 163 thereof, in each instance, the following words:- person who gave birth to the child. 164 SECTION 28. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 165 amended by striking out, in line 17, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof the 166 following word:- parentage. 167 SECTION 29. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 168 amended by striking out, in lines 21 to 23, inclusive, the words “he has acknowledged paternity 169 in a parental responsibility claim as provided in section four A of chapter two hundred and ten 170 and the mother” and inserting in place thereof the following words:- the person has 171 acknowledged parentage in a parental responsibility claim as provided in section 4A of chapter 172 210 and the person who gave birth to the child. 173 SECTION 30. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 174 amended by striking out, in lines 25 to 27, inclusive, the words “his consent and the consent of 175 the child’s mother, he is named as the child’s father” and inserting in place thereof the following 176 words:- the person’s consent and the consent of the person who gave birth to the child, the 177 person is named as the child’s parent. 178 SECTION 31. Said section 6 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 179 amended by striking out subsection (b) and inserting in place thereof the following subsection:- 180 (b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), a spouse or former spouse shall not be required to be 181 joined as a party if that person’s non-parentage of the child has previously been adjudicated in a 10 of 42 182 proceeding between the spouse and the person who gave birth to the child in a court or 183 administrative agency of competent jurisdiction. 184 SECTION 32. Section 7 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 185 striking out, in lines 3 and 4 and 8, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof, in each 186 instance, the following word:- parentage. 187 SECTION 33. Section 8 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 188 striking out, in lines 1, 2, 5 and 15, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof, in each 189 instance, the following word:- parentage. 190 SECTION 34. Said section 8 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 191 amended by striking out, in line 4, the word “his” and inserting in place thereof the following 192 words:- the defendant’s. 193 SECTION 35. Said section 8 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 194 amended by striking out, in line 7, the words “mother or putative father submits” and inserting in 195 place thereof the following words:- person who gave birth to the child or alleged genetic parent 196 submits sufficient evidence of parentage, which may include evidence. 197 SECTION 36. Said section 8 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 198 amended by striking out, in lines 12 and 13, the words “father or mother” and inserting in place 199 thereof the following word:- parent. 200 SECTION 37. Said section 8 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 201 amended by striking out, in line 16, the word “mother” and inserting in place thereof the 202 following words:- person who gave birth to the child. 11 of 42 203 SECTION 38. Section 9 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 204 striking out, in line 21, the word “his” and inserting in place thereof the following words:- the 205 defendant’s. 206 SECTION 39. Said section 9 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 207 amended by striking out, in line 27, the word “mother” and inserting in place thereof the 208 following words: another parent. 209 SECTION 40. Subsection (a) of section 10 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is 210 hereby amended by striking out the first paragraph and inserting in place thereof the following 211 paragraph:- 212 Upon or after an adjudication or voluntary acknowledgment of parentage, the court may 213 award custody of a nonmarital child to either parent or to them jointly or to another suitable 214 person as hereafter further specified as may be appropriate in the best interests of the child. 215 SECTION 41. Said section 10 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 216 amended by striking out subsection (b) and inserting in place thereof the following subsection:- 217 (b) Prior to or in the absence of an adjudication or voluntary acknowledgment of 218 parentage, the person who gave birth shall have custody of a nonmarital child. In the absence of 219 an order or judgment of a probate and family court relative to custody, the person who gave birth 220 shall continue to have custody of a nonmarital child after an adjudication of parentage or 221 voluntary acknowledgment of parentage. 12 of 42 222 SECTION 42. Section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 223 striking out, in line 2, the words “putative father” and inserting in place thereof the following 224 words:- alleged genetic parent, presumed parent or intended parent. 225 SECTION 43. Said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 226 amended by striking out, in line 3, the words “mother of” and inserting in place thereof the 227 following words:- person who gave birth to. 228 SECTION 44. Said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 229 amended by striking out, in lines 7, 16, 20, 22 and 37, the word “paternity” and inserting in place 230 thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parentage. 231 SECTION 45. Said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 232 amended by striking out, in line 21, the words “by such putative father and mother”. 233 SECTION 46. Subsection (a) of said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is 234 hereby amended by striking out the tenth sentence and inserting in place thereof the following 235 sentence:- If either party rescinds the acknowledgment in a timely fashion and the basis of the 236 acknowledgment was genetic parentage, the court shall order genetic marker testing and proceed 237 to adjudicate parentage or nonparentage in accordance with this chapter; provided, however, that 238 the rescinded acknowledgment shall constitute the proper showing required for an order to 239 submit to such testing; and provided further, that the rescinded acknowledgment shall be 240 admissible as evidence of the alleged genetic parent’s parentage and shall serve as sufficient 241 basis for admitting the report of the results of genetic marker tests. 13 of 42 242 SECTION 47. Said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 243 amended by striking out, in line 56, the word “nonpaternity” and inserting in place thereof the 244 following word:- nonparentage. 245 SECTION 48. Said section 11 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 246 amended by striking out, in line 59, the words “a mother and father” and inserting in place 247 thereof the following word:- parents. 248 SECTION 49. Section 12 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 249 striking out, in line 2, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof the following word:- 250 parentage. 251 SECTION 50. Section 13 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 252 striking out, in lines 1 and 2, the words “paternity or in which paternity” and inserting in place 253 thereof the following words:- parentage or in which parentage. 254 SECTION 51. Said section 13 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 255 amended by striking out, in lines 7 to 9, inclusive, the words “father is adjudicated not to be the 256 father of the child; provided, however, that the child, the child’s mother, the person adjudicated 257 to be the father” and inserting in place thereof the following words:- parent is adjudicated not to 258 be the parent of the child; provided, however, that the child, the person who gave birth to the 259 child, the person adjudicated to be the parent. 260 SECTION 52. Said chapter 209C is hereby further amended by striking out section 14, as 261 so appearing, and inserting in place thereof the following section:- 14 of 42 262 Section 14. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, an action to establish parentage 263 of a child may be instituted during pregnancy but shall only be filed by the person who is to give 264 birth to the child or such person’s representative or by the IV-D agency as set forth in chapter 265 119A on behalf of the person who is to give birth. In the case of any complaint brought prior to 266 the birth of the child, no final judgment on the issue of parentage shall be made until after the 267 birth of the child; provided, however, that the court may order temporary support or health care 268 coverage. 269 SECTION 53. Section 16 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 270 striking out subsections (c) to (e), inclusive, and inserting in place thereof the following 3 271 subsections:- 272 (c) In an action pursuant to this chapter, the person who gave birth and the alleged 273 genetic parent shall be competent to testify and no privilege or disqualification created under 274 chapter 233 shall prohibit testimony by a spouse or former spouse which is otherwise competent. 275 If the person who gave birth is or was married, both that person and their spouse or former 276 spouse may testify to parentage of the child. 277 (d) In an action to establish parentage, testimony relating to sexual access to the person 278 who gave birth by an unidentified person at any time or by an identified person at any time other 279 than the probable time of conception of the child is inadmissible in evidence unless offered by 280 the person who gave birth. 281 (e) In an action to establish parentage based on alleged genetic parentage, the court may 282 view the person who gave birth, the child and the alleged genetic parent to note any resemblance 283 among the parties notwithstanding the absence of expert testimony. 15 of 42 284 SECTION 54. Said section 16 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 285 amended by striking out, in line 25, the word “mother” and inserting in place thereof the 286 following words:- person who gave birth to the child. 287 SECTION 55. Said section 16 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 288 amended by striking out, in line 36, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof the 289 following word:- parentage. 290 SECTION 56. Section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 291 striking out, in lines 1 and 2, the words “paternity of a child born out of wedlock” and inserting 292 in place thereof the following words:- parentage of a nonmarital child based on alleged genetic 293 parentage. 294 SECTION 57. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 295 amended by striking out, in lines 4, 9, 10, 13, 26 and 28, the word “mother” and inserting in 296 place thereof, in each instance, the following words:- person who gave birth to the child. 297 SECTION 58. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 298 amended by striking out, in lines 4, 9, 10, 13, 26, 28, 31, 48 and 49, the words “putative father” 299 and inserting in place thereof, in each instance, the following words:- alleged genetic parent. 300 SECTION 59. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 301 amended by striking out, in lines 21 and 22, the words “putative father’s” and inserting in place 302 thereof the following words:- alleged genetic parent’s. 16 of 42 303 SECTION 60. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 304 amended by striking out, in lines 22 and 30, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof, 305 in each instance, the following words:- genetic parentage. 306 SECTION 61. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 307 amended by striking out, in lines 31 and 32 and in line 49, the first time it appears, the word 308 “father” and inserting in place thereof, in each instance, the following word:- parent. 309 SECTION 62. Said section 17 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby further 310 amended by adding the following sentence:- Genetic testing shall not be used to challenge the 311 parentage of an individual who is a parent under sections 25, 27 and 28 to 28P, inclusive, or to 312 establish the parentage of an individual who is a donor as provided in said sections. 313 SECTION 63. Section 21 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 314 striking out, in line 4, the word “paternity” and inserting in place thereof the following word:- 315 parentage. 316 SECTION 64. Section 23 of said chapter 209C, as so appearing, is hereby amended by 317 striking out, in lines 1, 10, 11 and 14, the word “paternity”, and inserting in place thereof, in each 318 instance, the following word:- parentage. 319 SECTION 65. Said chapter 209C is hereby further amended by adding the following 20 320 sections:- 321 Section 25. (a) This section shall apply to nonmarital and marital children. 17 of 42 322 (b) A proceeding to adjudicate parentage of a child under this section may be 323 commenced only by a person who: (i) is alive when the proceeding is commenced; and (ii) 324 claims to be a de facto parent of the subject child under this section. 325 (c) A proceeding under this section shall be commenced during a child’s lifetime and 326 before the child attains 18 years of age. 327 (d) Proceedings under this section shall be governed by the Massachusetts Rules of 328 Domestic Relations Procedure. 329 (e) All parents, legal guardians and legal custodians of the subject child shall be entitled 330 to notice. 331 (f) The plaintiff shall file a verified complaint alleging specific facts to support each 332 element required to establish de facto parentage as set forth in subsection (i), along with any 333 other pleadings, affidavits or information required by the court. The verified complaint shall be 334 served on all parents, legal guardians and legal custodians of the child and any other party to the 335 proceeding. Prior to an adjudication of the merits, and within 60 days of the commencement of a 336 proceeding under this section, the court shall determine, based on the pleadings, whether the 337 plaintiff has alleged facts sufficient to satisfy each element required to establish de facto 338 parentage. Upon request made by a party entitled to notice or upon the court’s own initiative, the 339 court may hold a hearing on the sufficiency of the pleadings; provided, however, that if the court 340 holds any such hearing, the hearing shall be held on an expedited basis. Failure of a pleading to 341 meet these standards shall constitute grounds for the court to enter a sua sponte judgment of 342 dismissal without prejudice. 18 of 42 343 (g) Prior to an adjudication of the merits, and within 60 days of the commencement of a 344 proceeding under this section, the court shall determine whether the plaintiff has standing to seek 345 an adjudication of parentage of a child under this section. Upon request made by a party entitled 346 to notice or upon the court’s own initiative, the court may hold a hearing on the issue of 347 standing; provided, however, that any such hearing shall be held on an expedited basis; and 348 provided further, that a hearing shall be required and there shall be a rebuttable presumption 349 against standing if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that: 350 (i) the plaintiff is or was the defendant to: (A) an abuse prevention order issued after 351 notice and hearing pursuant to chapter 209A; (B) a protection order issued pursuant to section 352 34B or 34C of chapter 208; or (C) a harassment prevention order issued pursuant to chapter 353 258E, involving the child, a parent of the child or a household member of the child; 354 (ii) the department of children and families has made a determination supporting an 355 allegation of abuse against the plaintiff with respect to the subject child or another child in the 356 same household; 357 (iii) a defendant parent has been an active deployed member of the military during the 358 past 3 years; 359 (iv) a defendant parent executed a military family care plan and but for the plan, the 360 plaintiff would not meet at least 1 of the requirements of subsection (i), unless the defendant 361 consents in writing and such written consent is filed with the complaint; or 362 (v) the plaintiff is or was the foster parent of the child and but for the plaintiff’s role as 363 foster parent, the plaintiff would not meet at least 1 of the requirements of subsection (i). 19 of 42 364 (h) A plaintiff may file and serve a motion seeking a temporary order of contact between 365 the subject child and the plaintiff contemporaneously with the complaint. After a hearing, the 366 court may enter a temporary order concerning contact between the child and the plaintiff. No 367 temporary order shall issue before a determination of standing; provided, however, that a hearing 368 on the motion may occur on the same date as any hearing under subsections (f) or (g). 369 (i) Subject to subsection (j), the court shall adjudicate a plaintiff with standing in a 370 proceeding commenced under this section to be a legal parent of the subject child if the plaintiff 371 demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that: (i) the plaintiff resided with the child as a 372 regular member of the child’s household for not less than 3 years or 40 per cent of the child’s 373 life, whichever is shorter, except in extraordinary circumstances for good cause shown as the 374 court may determine at the court's discretion; (ii) the plaintiff engaged in consistent caregiving of 375 the child, including, but not limited to, shaping the child’s daily routine, addressing the child’s 376 developmental needs and providing for the child’s education and medical care, individually or 377 cooperatively with another parent; (iii) the plaintiff undertook full and permanent responsibilities 378 of a parent of the child without expectation or payment of financial compensation; (iv) the 379 plaintiff held out the child as the plaintiff’s child; (v) the plaintiff established a bonded and 380 dependent relationship with the child that is parental in nature; (vi) each parent of the child 381 consented to the bonded and dependent relationship required under clause (v); provided, 382 however, that for the purposes of this section, consent may include that each parent, over a 383 period of not less than 6 months: (a) held out the plaintiff as a parent of the child; and (b) 384 engaged in shared decision making with the plaintiff regarding significant issues of the child’s 385 education, health and welfare; provided further, that the court may determine that a parent has 386 impliedly consented where that parent has not, without good cause, meaningfully engaged with 20 of 42 387 the subject child through direct contact, participation in decision making or regular financial 388 support for a period of 2 years; provided further, that good cause may include evidence that the 389 parent attempted to meaningfully engage with the subject child by regularly requesting contact or 390 participation in decision making but was prevented from doing so by another person; and 391 provided further, that a notarized document affirming consent executed by a parent shall be 392 evidence of that parent’s consent; and (vii) adjudicating the plaintiff to be the child’s parent is in 393 the best interest of the child. In making this determination, the court shall consider evidence of 394 past or present abuse by the plaintiff toward a parent or the child as a factor contrary to the best 395 interest of the child; provided, however, that a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that 396 the plaintiff engaged in duress, coercion or threat of harm in order to establish any of the 397 elements of clauses (i) to (vi), inclusive, shall be considered evidence of abuse; provided further, 398 that a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that a pattern or serious incident of abuse as 399 defined in section 10 by the plaintiff against a parent or child has occurred shall create a 400 rebuttable presumption that it is not in the best interest of the child that the plaintiff be 401 adjudicated a parent; and provided further, that where there is credible evidence of abuse and the 402 court adjudicates the plaintiff to be a parent of the subject child, the court shall make detailed 403 written findings on the presence and nature of the abuse, its effect on the child and its impact on 404 the plaintiff’s parenting ability. 405 (j) Subject to other limitations in this section, if in a proceeding to adjudicate the plaintiff 406 as a de facto parent, there is more than 1 defendant parent and the court determines that the 407 requirements of subsection (i) are satisfied, the court shall adjudicate parentage under subsection 408 (c) of section 26. 21 of 42 409 (k) The adjudication of a plaintiff as a de facto parent under this section shall not affect 410 the legal parentage of any other parent to the child and shall not be considered evidence of 411 parental unfitness of a defendant parent to the child. 412 (l) Custody, parenting time, visitation and child support shall be determined in 413 accordance with applicable laws, rules, regulations, orders and guidelines. 414 (m) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to preclude an action in equity pursuant to 415 section 6 of chapter 215 to establish a third-party right to visitation. 416 Section 26. (a) In a proceeding to adjudicate competing claims of, or challenges to, 417 parentage of a child by 2 or more persons, the court shall adjudicate parentage in the best interest 418 of the child, based on: (i) the age of the child; (ii) the length of time during which each person 419 assumed the role of parent of the child; (iii) the nature of the relationship between the child and 420 each person; (iv) the harm to the child if the relationship between the child and each person is not 421 recognized; (v) the basis for each person’s claim to parentage of the child; and (vi) other 422 equitable factors arising from the disruption of the relationship between the child and each 423 person or the likelihood of other harm to the child. 424 (b) If a person challenges parentage based on the results of genetic testing, in addition to 425 the factors listed in subsection (a), the court shall consider: (i) the facts surrounding the 426 discovery that the person might not be a genetic parent of the child; and (ii) the length of time 427 between the time that the person was placed on notice that the person might not be a genetic 428 parent and the commencement of the proceeding. 22 of 42 429 (c) The court may adjudicate a child to have more than 2 parents if the court finds that it 430 is in the best interest of the child. A finding of best interest of the child under this section does 431 not require a finding of unfitness of any parent or person seeking an adjudication of parentage. 432 (d) Custody, parenting time, visitation and child support shall be determined in 433 accordance with applicable laws, rules, regulations, orders and guidelines. 434 Section 27. (a) This section shall apply to nonmarital and marital children. This section 435 shall not apply to the parentage of a child conceived by sexual intercourse or assisted 436 reproduction under a surrogacy agreement under sections 28 to 28P, inclusive. 437 (b) Venue for a proceeding to adjudicate parentage under this section shall be in the 438 county in which: (i) the child resides or was born or is reasonably expected to be born; (ii) any 439 parent or intended parent of the child resides; or (iii) a proceeding has been commenced for 440 administration of the estate of a person who is or may be a parent under this chapter. 441 (c) A donor shall not be a parent of a child conceived through assisted reproduction based 442 on the donor’s genetic connection to such child. A donor shall not be entitled to establish the 443 donor's parentage by signing an acknowledgment pursuant to this chapter. A donor shall not be 444 entitled to notice in a proceeding under this chapter. 445 (d) A person who consents to assisted reproduction with the intent to be a parent of the 446 child conceived by said assisted reproduction shall be a parent of the child. Consent to assisted 447 reproduction may be established by: (i) a record signed by the person giving birth to a child 448 conceived by assisted reproduction and by an intended parent before, on or after the birth of the 449 child; or (ii) a finding by the court, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (A) prior to 450 conception or birth of the child, the parties agreed that they would be parents of the child; or (B) 23 of 42 451 the person who seeks to be a parent of the child, together with the person giving birth, 452 voluntarily participated in and consented to the assisted reproduction that resulted in the 453 conception of the child. 454 (e)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a person who, at the time of a child’s birth, is 455 the spouse of the person who gave birth to the child by assisted reproduction may not challenge 456 their own parentage of the child unless, not later than 2 years after the birth of the child, they 457 commence a proceeding to adjudicate their own parentage of the child and the court finds that 458 they did not consent to the assisted reproduction before, on, or after the birth of the child or 459 withdrew consent pursuant to subsection (g). 460 (2) A proceeding to adjudicate a spouse’s parentage of a child born by assisted 461 reproduction may be commenced at any time if the court determines that the spouse who is 462 challenging the parentage: (i) neither provided a gamete for, nor consented to, the assisted 463 reproduction; (ii) has not cohabitated with the person who gave birth to the child since the 464 probable time of assisted reproduction; or and (iii) never openly held out the child as their child. 465 This subsection shall apply to a spouse’s challenge of parentage even if the spouse’s marriage is 466 declared invalid after assisted reproduction occurs. 467 (f) A person who consents to assisted reproduction pursuant to subsection (d) may 468 withdraw consent any time before a transfer or implantation of gametes or embryos that results 469 in a pregnancy by giving notice in writing of their withdrawal of consent to the person who 470 agreed to give birth to a child conceived by assisted reproduction and to any clinic or healthcare 471 provider facilitating the assisted reproduction; provided, however, that failure to give notice to a 472 clinic or healthcare provider shall not affect a determination of parentage pursuant to this section. 24 of 42 473 A person who withdraws consent in compliance with this subsection shall not be a parent of the 474 child under this section. 475 (g)(1) If a person who intends to be a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction 476 dies during the period between the transfer or implantation of a gamete or embryo and the birth 477 of the child, said person’s death shall not preclude the establishment of their parentage of the 478 child if said person would be a parent of the child under this section but for the death. 479 (2) If a person who consented in writing to assisted reproduction by a person who agreed 480 to give birth to a child dies before a transfer or implantation of gametes or embryos, the deceased 481 person shall be a parent of a child conceived by the assisted reproduction if: (i) (A) the person 482 consented in writing that if assisted reproduction were to occur after their death, they would be a 483 parent of the child; or (B) the person’s intent to be a parent of a child conceived by assisted 484 reproduction after their death is established by a preponderance of the evidence; and (ii) (A) the 485 embryo is in utero not later than 36 months after the person’s death; or (B) the child is born not 486 later than 45 months after the person’s death. 487 (h) If, due to a clinical or laboratory error, a child conceived by assisted reproduction is 488 not genetically related to any intended parent or any donor who donated to the intended parent or 489 parents, the intended parent or parents shall be the parent or parents of the child unless otherwise 490 determined by the court. 491 (i) Genetic testing, including genetic marker testing pursuant to section 11, shall not be 492 used to: (i) challenge the parentage of a person who is a parent pursuant to this section; or (ii) 493 establish the parentage of a person who is a donor. 25 of 42 494 (j) (1)A person giving birth or a person who is or claims to be a parent pursuant to this 495 section may commence a proceeding prior to or after the birth of a child by assisted reproduction 496 to obtain a judgment: (i) declaring that the intended parent or parents are the parent or parents of 497 the resulting child immediately upon the birth of the child and ordering that parental rights and 498 responsibilities vest exclusively in the intended parent or parents immediately upon birth of the 499 child; and (ii) designating the contents of the birth certificate and directing the department of 500 public health to designate the intended parent or parents as the parent or parents of the resulting 501 child. 502 (2) A judgment issued by a court pursuant to this subsection before the birth of the 503 resulting child by assisted reproduction shall not take effect until the birth of the resulting child. 504 Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit said court’s authority to issue orders under 505 any other provision of the General Laws. 506 (3) The commonwealth, the department of public health and the hospital where the child 507 is or is expected to be born shall not be necessary parties to a proceeding under this section. 508 (4) The burden of proof in proceedings pursuant to this section shall be by a 509 preponderance of the evidence. 510 (k) At the request of a party to a proceeding pursuant to this section, the court shall close 511 the proceeding to the general public. 512 (l) The court shall issue a final judgment adjudicating whether a person alleged or 513 claiming to be a parent is the parent of a child in a proceeding pursuant to this section. At the 514 request of a party, and subject to other applicable laws, the court in a proceeding pursuant to this 515 section may order the legal name of the child to be changed. If the final judgment of the court is 26 of 42 516 at variance with the child’s birth certificate, the court shall order the department of public health 517 to issue an amended birth certificate that conforms with the final judgment. 518 (m) Custody, parenting time, visitation and child support for a nonmarital child shall be 519 determined in accordance with applicable laws, rules, regulations, orders and guidelines. 520 (n) A spouse who has commenced an action for divorce, or a spouse who has been served 521 with a complaint for divorce, may begin assisted reproduction pursuant to this section; provided, 522 however, that the spouse that does not begin assisted reproduction pursuant to this section shall 523 not be a parent of any child born as a result of the assisted reproduction unless both parties 524 consent in writing to be parents of the child after commencement of the divorce action. A spouse 525 who proceeds with assisted reproduction pursuant to this section shall not utilize gametes of their 526 spouse unless their spouse consents in writing to the use of their gametes for assisted 527 reproduction by the spouse after commencement of a divorce action. 528 Section 28. (a) Sections 28 to 28P, inclusive, shall apply to nonmarital and marital 529 children. This section shall not apply to the birth of a child conceived by sexual intercourse or 530 assisted reproduction under section 27. 531 (b) Venue for proceedings under sections 28 to 28P, inclusive, shall be in the county in 532 which: (i) the child resides, is born or pursuant to a surrogacy agreement is expected to be born; 533 (ii) a parent or intended parent of the child resides; (iii) a person acting as a surrogate resides; or 534 (iv) a proceeding has been commenced for administration of the estate of a person who is or may 535 be a parent under this chapter. 536 Section 28A. (a) To execute a surrogacy agreement to act as a surrogate, a person shall: 537 (i) be not less than 21 years of age; (ii) have previously given birth to at least 1 child; (iii) 27 of 42 538 complete a medical evaluation by a licensed physician related to surrogacy; and (iv) complete a 539 mental health consultation by a licensed mental health professional that is independent of the 540 health care providers or facility undertaking any assisted reproduction procedure contemplated 541 by the surrogacy agreement. 542 (b) To execute a surrogacy agreement as an intended parent, whether or not genetically 543 related to the child, a person shall: (i) be not less than 21 years of age; and (ii) complete a mental 544 health consultation by a licensed mental health professional that is independent of the health care 545 providers or facility undertaking any assisted reproduction procedure contemplated by the 546 surrogacy agreement. 547 Section 28B. A surrogacy agreement shall be enforceable if: 548 (i) the prospective surrogate, their spouse, if any, and each intended parent are parties to 549 the agreement; 550 (ii) the prospective surrogate and each intended parent meet the eligibility requirements 551 of section 28A; 552 (iii) at least 1 party is a resident of the commonwealth or, if no party is a resident of the 553 commonwealth, at least 1 medical evaluation, medical procedure or mental health consultation 554 under the agreement occurs in the commonwealth; 555 (iv) the agreement is in writing and signed by all parties; 556 (v) the agreement is executed prior to a medical procedure attempting to cause a 557 pregnancy in the prospective surrogate, other than the medical evaluation and mental health 28 of 42 558 consultation required by section 28A, and, in every instance, before transfer of embryos or 559 gametes; 560 (vi) the signature of each party to the agreement is attested by a notary; 561 (vii) each party to the agreement signs a written acknowledgment of having received a 562 copy of the agreement; 563 (viii) the prospective surrogate, the surrogate’s spouse, if any, and each intended parent 564 have independent legal representation regarding the terms and potential legal consequences of 565 the surrogacy agreement, paid for by the intended parent or parents, and each legal representative 566 shall be identified in the surrogacy agreement; provided, however, that a single attorney for the 567 prospective surrogate and their spouse and a single attorney for the intended parents shall be 568 sufficient to meet this requirement; and 569 (ix) records related to the medical evaluation and mental health consultations conducted 570 pursuant to section 28A shall be made available to the surrogate, the surrogate’s spouse, if any, 571 and each intended parent; provided, however, that all such records shall remain otherwise 572 confidential absent a court order. 573 Section 28C. (a) For a surrogacy agreement to be enforceable, the agreement shall 574 provide that: 575 (i) the surrogate: (A) shall undergo assisted reproduction and attempt to carry and give 576 birth to any resulting child; (B) except as otherwise provided in sections 28I, 28M and 28N, shall 577 have no claim to parentage of any resulting child; and (C) acknowledges the exclusive parentage 578 of the intended parent or parents of all resulting children; 29 of 42 579 (ii) if the surrogate is married, their spouse: (A) acknowledges and agrees to abide by all 580 obligations imposed on the surrogate by the terms of the surrogacy agreement; (B) except as 581 otherwise provided in sections 28I, 28M and 28N, shall have no claim to parentage of any 582 resulting child; and (C) acknowledges the exclusive parentage of the intended parent or parents 583 of all resulting children; and 584 (iii) the intended parent or, if there are more than 1 intended parents, each parent jointly 585 and severally: (A) except as otherwise provided in sections 28G, 28J, 28M and 28N, agree to be 586 the exclusive parent or parents and accept parental rights and responsibilities of all resulting 587 children regardless of the number of children born or the gender or condition of each child; and 588 (B) except as otherwise provided in sections 28G, 28J, 28M and 28N, agree to assume 589 responsibility for the financial support of all resulting children immediately upon the birth of the 590 children regardless of the number of children born or the gender or condition of each child. 591 (b) The intended parent or parents shall pay for all surrogacy-related expenses of the 592 surrogate, including expenses for healthcare provided for assisted reproduction, prenatal care, 593 labor and delivery and the medical expenses of all resulting children, that are not covered by 594 insurance; provided, however, that this subsection shall not be construed to supplant any health 595 insurance coverage that is otherwise available to the surrogate or an intended parent for the 596 coverage of healthcare costs; provided further, that this subsection shall not change the health 597 insurance coverage of the surrogate or the responsibility of the insurance company to pay 598 benefits under a policy that covers a surrogate. 599 (c) The surrogacy agreement shall not infringe on the rights of the surrogate to make all 600 health decisions regarding the surrogate, the surrogate’s body and the surrogate’s pregnancy 30 of 42 601 throughout the duration of the surrogacy agreement, including during attempts to become 602 pregnant, pregnancy, labor and delivery and post-partum. The surrogacy agreement shall not 603 infringe upon the right of the surrogate to autonomy in medical decision making, including, but 604 not limited to, whether to consent to a caesarean section and whether to undergo multiple embryo 605 transfers. Except as otherwise provided by law, any written or oral agreement purporting to 606 waive or limit these rights shall be void as against public policy. 607 (d) The surrogacy agreement shall include information about the right of each party to 608 terminate the surrogacy agreement. 609 (e) Rights created under a surrogacy agreement shall not be assignable and there shall be 610 no third-party beneficiary to a surrogacy agreement other than the resulting child of the 611 surrogacy. 612 (f) A surrogacy agreement may provide for: (i) payment of consideration and reasonable 613 expenses; and (ii) reimbursement of specific expenses if the agreement is terminated pursuant to 614 this chapter. 615 Section 28D. Unless a surrogacy agreement expressly provides otherwise: (i) the validity 616 of a surrogacy agreement shall not be affected by the marriage of the surrogate or of an intended 617 parent after the surrogacy agreement has been signed by all parties and in such instances: (A) the 618 surrogate’s spouse’s or intended parent’s spouse’s consent to the surrogacy agreement shall not 619 be required; and (B) the surrogate’s spouse or intended parent’s spouse shall not be a presumed 620 parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under the surrogacy agreement; or (ii) the 621 divorce or marriage annulment of the surrogate or of an intended parent after the surrogacy 622 agreement has been signed by all parties shall not affect the validity of the surrogacy agreement. 31 of 42 623 Section 28E. After the execution of a surrogacy agreement and before the date of 624 termination of the surrogacy agreement pursuant its terms or 180 days after the birth of a child 625 conceived by assisted reproduction under the surrogacy agreement, whichever occurs earlier, the 626 court conducting a proceeding under sections 28 to 28P, inclusive, shall have exclusive, 627 continuing jurisdiction over all matters arising out of the surrogacy agreement; provided, 628 however, that the court shall not have jurisdiction over a child custody or child support 629 proceeding if jurisdiction is not otherwise authorized. 630 Section 28F. (a) A party to a gestational surrogacy agreement may terminate the 631 agreement at any time before an embryo transfer or implantation by giving written notice of 632 termination to all other parties. If an embryo transfer or implantation does not result in 633 pregnancy, a party may terminate the agreement at any time before a subsequent embryo transfer 634 or implantation. 635 (b) Unless a gestational surrogacy agreement provides otherwise, upon termination of the 636 agreement under subsection (a), the parties shall be released from the agreement; provided, 637 however, that the intended parent or parents remain responsible for expenses that are 638 reimbursable under the agreement and incurred by the gestational surrogate through the date of 639 the termination of the agreement. 640 (c) Except in a case involving fraud, neither a gestational surrogate nor the surrogate’s 641 spouse or former spouse, if any, shall be liable to the intended parent or parents for punitive or 642 liquidated damages for terminating a gestational surrogacy agreement in compliance with this 643 section. 32 of 42 644 Section 28G. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), or sections 28H or 28J, 645 upon the birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a gestational surrogacy 646 agreement, each intended parent shall be, by operation of law, a parent of the child. Parental 647 rights shall vest exclusively in the intended parent or parents immediately upon birth of the 648 resulting child. 649 (b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) or section 28J, a person acting as 650 gestational surrogate or such person’s spouse or former spouse, if any, shall not be, by operation 651 of law, a parent of the child. 652 (c) If a child is alleged to be a genetic child of the gestational surrogate, the court shall, 653 upon finding sufficient evidence, order genetic testing of the child. If the child is a genetic child 654 of the gestational surrogate, parentage shall be determined in accordance with sections 1 to 27, 655 inclusive. 656 (d) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c),section 28H or section 28I, if, due to a 657 clinical or laboratory error, a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a gestational 658 surrogacy agreement is not genetically related to an intended parent or a donor who donated to 659 the intended parent or parents, each intended parent shall be a parent of the child and the person 660 acting as gestational surrogate and their spouse or former spouse, if any, shall not be a parent of 661 the child. 662 (e) This section shall apply to an intended parent, including an intended parent who dies 663 during the period between the transfer or implantation of a gamete or embryo and the birth of the 664 child. 33 of 42 665 Section 28H. Except as otherwise provided in section 28J, an intended parent shall not be 666 a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a gestational surrogacy agreement if 667 the intended parent dies before the transfer or implantation of a gamete or embryo unless: (i) the 668 surrogacy agreement provides otherwise; and (ii) the transfer of a gamete or embryo occurs not 669 later than 36 months after the death of the intended parent or birth of the child occurs not later 670 than 45 months after the death of the intended parent. 671 Section 28I. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of section 28G or section 672 28J, before, on or after the birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a gestational 673 surrogacy agreement, any party to the agreement may commence a proceeding for a judgment of 674 parentage: 675 (i) declaring that each intended parent is a parent of the child and ordering that parental 676 rights and duties vest immediately upon the birth of the child exclusively in each intended 677 parent; 678 (ii) declaring that the gestational surrogate and the surrogate’s spouse or former spouse, if 679 any, are not the parents of the child; 680 (iii) designating the content of the birth record in accordance with chapter 46 and 681 directing the department of public health to designate each intended parent as a parent of the 682 child; 683 (iv) to protect the privacy of the child and the parties, declaring that the court record and 684 related pleadings be impounded in accordance with this section; 685 (v) if necessary, ordering that the child be surrendered to the intended parent or parents; 34 of 42 686 (vi) if necessary, ordering that the hospital where the child will be or has been born, treat 687 the intended parent or parents as the sole legal parent or parents for the purpose of naming and 688 medical decisions; and 689 (vii) for other relief the court determines necessary and proper. 690 (b) The court may issue an order or judgment under subsection (a) before or after the 691 birth of the child, as requested by the parties. 692 (c) The commonwealth, the department of public health, the town or city clerk and the 693 hospital where the child is born or is intended to be born shall not be necessary parties to a 694 proceeding under subsection (a). Any party to the surrogacy agreement not joining in the action 695 shall be provided with notice of the proceeding. 696 (d) A complaint filed pursuant to this section shall include: (i) a copy of the executed 697 surrogacy agreement; (ii) a sworn affidavit of the assisted reproductive physician confirming that 698 the child was conceived pursuant to assisted reproduction; and (iii) certifications from the 699 attorneys representing the intended parent or parents and the gestational surrogate that the 700 requirements of sections 28A, 28B and 28C have been met. A complaint supported by such 701 affidavit and certifications shall be sufficient to establish parentage and a hearing shall not be 702 required unless the court requires additional information which cannot reasonably be ascertained 703 without a hearing. 704 (e) Upon a finding by a preponderance of the evidence that the complaint satisfies 705 subsection (d), a court shall expeditiously, but not later than 60 days from the docketing of the 706 complaint, issue a judgment of parentage. Parentage judgments issued under this section shall 707 conclusively establish or affirm, where applicable, the parent-child relationship for all purposes. 35 of 42 708 Custody, parenting time, visitation and child support for a nonmarital child shall be determined 709 in accordance with applicable laws, rules, regulations, orders and guidelines. 710 (f) In the event the certification required by subsection (d) cannot be made because of a 711 technical or nonmaterial deviation from the requirements of sections 28A, 28B and 28C, the 712 court with competent jurisdiction may enforce the agreement and issue a judgment of parentage 713 if the court determines the agreement is in substantial compliance with the requirements of said 714 sections. 715 (g) At the request of a party, the court of competent jurisdiction shall close a proceeding 716 under this section to the general public. All complaints, pleadings, papers or documents filed 717 pursuant to this section, and docket entries, shall not be available for inspection unless the court 718 where such records are kept, for good cause shown, otherwise orders or unless requested by the 719 child or the parties. All such complaints, pleadings, papers or documents shall be segregated. 720 Section 28J. (a) A gestational surrogacy agreement that substantially complies with 721 sections 28A, 28B and 28C shall be enforceable. 722 (b) If a child was conceived by assisted reproduction under a gestational surrogacy 723 agreement that does not substantially comply with sections 28A, 28B and 28C, the court shall 724 determine the rights and duties of the parties to the agreement consistent with the intent of the 725 parties at the time of execution of the agreement. Each party to the agreement and any person 726 who at the time of the execution of the agreement was a spouse of a party to the agreement shall 727 have standing to commence a proceeding to adjudicate an issue related to the enforcement of the 728 agreement. 36 of 42 729 (c) Except as expressly provided in a gestational surrogacy agreement or subsection (d) 730 or (e), if the agreement is breached by the gestational surrogate or 1 or more intended parents, 731 the non-breaching party shall be entitled to the remedies available at law or in equity. 732 (d) Specific performance shall not be an available remedy for breach by a gestational 733 surrogate of a provision in an agreement that the gestational surrogate become pregnant, 734 terminate or not terminate a pregnancy or submit to medical procedures. 735 (e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), if an intended parent is determined to 736 be a parent of the child pursuant to this chapter, specific performance shall be a remedy available 737 for: (i) breach of the agreement by a gestational surrogate which prevents the intended parent 738 from exercising, immediately on birth of the child, the full rights of parentage; or (ii) breach by 739 the intended parent which prevents the intended parent’s acceptance, immediately on birth of the 740 child conceived by assisted reproduction under the agreement, of the duties of parentage. 741 Section 28K. (a) Except as otherwise provided in section 28N, a genetic surrogacy 742 agreement shall be validated by a probate and family court. A proceeding to validate the 743 agreement shall be commenced before assisted reproduction related to the surrogacy agreement. 744 A complaint filed pursuant to this section shall include: (i) a copy of the executed surrogacy 745 agreement; and (ii) certifications from the legal representatives of the intended parent or parents 746 and the genetic surrogate that the requirements of sections 28A, 28B and 28C have been met. 747 (b) The court shall issue an order validating a genetic surrogacy agreement, within 60 748 days of the commencement of such a proceeding, if the court finds by a preponderance of the 749 evidence that: (i) sections 28A, 28B and 28C are satisfied; and (ii) all parties entered into the 750 agreement voluntarily and understand its terms. 37 of 42 751 (c) A person who terminates a genetic surrogacy agreement under section 28L shall file 752 notice of the termination with the court and parties. On receipt of the notice, the court shall 753 vacate any order issued under subsection (b). 754 Section 28L. (a) An intended parent or genetic surrogate who is a party to the surrogacy 755 agreement may terminate the agreement at any time before a gamete or embryo transfer or 756 implantation by giving notice of termination in writing to all other parties. If a gamete or embryo 757 transfer or implantation does not result in a pregnancy, a party may terminate the agreement at 758 any time before a subsequent gamete or embryo transfer or implantation. The party’s signature 759 on a notice of termination shall be attested by a notary. 760 (b) An intended parent or genetic surrogate who terminates the agreement after the court 761 issues an order validating the agreement under sections 28K or 28N, but before the genetic 762 surrogate becomes pregnant by means of assisted reproduction, shall file notice of the 763 termination with the court. 764 (c) A person shall not terminate a validated genetic surrogacy agreement if a gamete or 765 embryo transfer or implantation has resulted in a pregnancy. 766 (d) Upon the proper termination or completion of a genetic surrogacy agreement, the 767 parties shall be released from all obligations under the agreement except that any intended parent 768 or parents shall remain responsible for all expenses incurred by the genetic surrogate through the 769 date of the completion which are reimbursable under the agreement. Unless the agreement 770 provides otherwise, the genetic surrogate is not entitled to any non-expense related compensation 771 paid for acting as a surrogate. 38 of 42 772 (e) Except in a case involving fraud, neither a genetic surrogate nor their spouse or 773 former spouse, if any, shall be liable to the intended parent or parents for punitive or liquidated 774 damages, for terminating a genetic surrogacy agreement in compliance with this section. 775 Section 28M. (a) Upon the birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a 776 genetic surrogacy agreement validated pursuant to section 28K or 28N, each intended parent 777 shall be a parent of the resulting child. 778 (b) Upon the birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic 779 surrogacy agreement validated under section 28K or 28N, the intended parent or parents shall 780 file a notice with the court that validated said agreement that a child has been born as a result of 781 assisted reproduction under that agreement. Upon receiving such notice, the court shall 782 immediately, or as soon as practicable, issue an order without notice and hearing: 783 (i) declaring that any intended parent or parents is a parent of a child conceived by 784 assisted reproduction under the agreement and ordering that parental rights and duties vest 785 exclusively in any intended parent; 786 (ii) declaring that the genetic surrogate and their spouse or former spouse, if any, are not 787 parents of the child; 788 (iii) designating the contents of the birth certificate in accordance with chapter 46 and 789 directing the department of public health to designate any intended parent as a parent of the 790 child; 791 (iv) to protect the privacy of the child and the parties, declaring that the court record and 792 related pleadings be impounded in accordance with section 28I; 39 of 42 793 (v) if necessary, ordering that the child be surrendered to the intended parent or parents; 794 and 795 (vi) for other relief the court determines necessary and proper. 796 (c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) or section 28O, if, due to a clinical or 797 laboratory error, a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic surrogacy agreement 798 is not genetically related to an intended parent or a donor who donated to the intended parent or 799 parents, each intended parent and not the genetic surrogate and their spouse or former spouse, if 800 any, shall be a parent of the child. 801 (d) If a child born to a genetic surrogate is alleged not to have been conceived by assisted 802 reproduction, the court may, upon finding sufficient evidence, order genetic testing to determine 803 the genetic parentage of the child. If the child was not conceived by assisted reproduction and the 804 second source of genetic material is the spouse of the genetic surrogate, then the surrogate and 805 the spouse shall be found to be the parents of the child. If the second genetic source is a person 806 other than the spouse of the surrogate, then parentage shall be determined as provided in sections 807 1 to 27, inclusive; provided, however, that if the second genetic source is an intended parent, the 808 court, in its sole discretion, shall determine parentage under sections 1 to 27, inclusive. Unless 809 the genetic surrogacy agreement provides otherwise, the genetic surrogate shall not be entitled to 810 any non-expense related compensation paid for acting as a surrogate if the child was not 811 conceived by assisted reproduction. 812 (e) If an intended parent fails to file the notice required under subsection (b), the person 813 acting as genetic surrogate may file with the court, not later than 60 days after the birth of a child 814 conceived by assisted reproduction under the genetic surrogacy agreement, notice that the child 40 of 42 815 has been born to the genetic surrogate. On proof of a court order issued under sections 28K or 816 28N validating the agreement, the court shall order that each intended parent is a parent of the 817 child. 818 Section 28N. (a) A genetic surrogacy agreement, whether or not in writing, that is not 819 validated under section 28K shall be enforceable only to the extent provided in this section and 820 section 28P. 821 (b) If all parties agree, a court may validate a genetic surrogacy agreement after assisted 822 reproduction has occurred and before the birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction 823 under the agreement if the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that: (i) sections 28A, 824 28B or 28C are satisfied; and (ii) all parties entered into the agreement voluntarily and 825 understand its terms. 826 (c) If a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic surrogacy agreement that 827 is not validated under section 28K or subsection (b) is born, the genetic surrogate shall not 828 automatically be a parent and the court shall adjudicate parentage of the child based on the best 829 interest of the child, taking into account the factors in subsection (a) of section 26 and the intent 830 of the parties at the time of the execution of the agreement. 831 (d) The parties to a genetic surrogacy agreement shall have standing to commence a 832 proceeding to adjudicate parentage under this section. 833 Section 28O. (a) Except as otherwise provided in sections 28M or 28N, upon the birth of 834 a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic surrogacy agreement, each intended 835 parent shall be, by operation of law, a parent of the child, notwithstanding the death of an 41 of 42 836 intended parent during the period between the transfer of a gamete or embryo and the birth of the 837 child. 838 (b) Except as otherwise provided in sections 28M or 28N, an intended parent shall not be 839 a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic surrogacy agreement if the 840 intended parent dies before the transfer of a gamete or embryo unless: (i) the agreement provides 841 otherwise; and (ii) the transfer of the gamete or embryo occurs not later than 36 months after the 842 death of the intended parent, or birth of the child occurs not later than 45 months after the death 843 of the intended parent. 844 Section 28P. (a) Subject to subsection (d) of section 28L, if a genetic surrogacy 845 agreement is breached by a genetic surrogate or 1 or more intended parents, the non-breaching 846 party is entitled to the remedies available at law or in equity. 847 (b) Specific performance shall not be an available remedy for breach by a genetic 848 surrogate of a requirement of a validated or nonvalidated genetic surrogacy agreement that the 849 genetic surrogate become pregnant, terminate or not terminate a pregnancy or submit to medical 850 procedures. 851 (c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), specific performance shall be a 852 remedy available for: (i) breach of a validated genetic surrogacy agreement by a genetic 853 surrogate of a requirement which prevents an intended parent from exercising, immediately upon 854 birth of the child, the full rights of parentage; or (ii) breach by an intended parent which prevents 855 the intended parent’s acceptance, immediately upon birth of the child, of the duties of parentage. 856 SECTION 66. The trial court of the commonwealth, in accordance with section 24 of 857 chapter 209C of the General Laws, shall update existing forms and promulgate new forms as 42 of 42 858 necessary for use under said chapter 209C, which shall be in such form and language to permit a 859 person to prepare and file such forms pro se. 860 SECTION 67. This act shall take effect on January 1, 2025.