online opt-in
CECooperative Election Study (CES)
CES 2023 Common Content (off-year post-election wave) · Nov 8, 2023 – Dec 11, 2023 · US national (large enough for state-level estimates)
Methodology
- Pollster
- Cooperative Election Study (CES) academic
- Sponsor
- Harvard University (CES/CCES consortium of university research teams)
- Fielded
- Nov 8, 2023 – Dec 11, 2023
- Population
- adults
- Sample size
- 24,500
- Sample frame
- online opt-in
- Panel
- YouGov (with Disqo, Prodege and Generation Lab panels in some years)
- Mode
- online - YouGov matched random sample: a target sample is drawn from the American Community Survey / Current Population Survey frame and matched to YouGov opt-in panelists, then weighted by propensity score and raked
- Margin of error
- not disclosed
- Weighting
- commonweight (2017: weights_common) - propensity-score matched sample weighted and raked to age, gender, education, race, Hispanic origin, voter registration status and presidential vote
- Geography
- US national (large enough for state-level estimates)
- Base notes
- Off-year CES: a single post-election common-content wave
Sources
Verification note. Wording copied verbatim from 'CES 2023 CC Questionnaire.pdf' (grid CC23_343). The questionnaire prints '{grid} No question stem present' for CC23_343, so the stem recorded here is reconstructed from the parallel 2025 grid and is NOT confirmed verbatim for 2023 - the response options in 2023 are Agree/Disagree, not Support/Oppose. Percentages computed by this agent from CCES23_Common_OUTPUT.tab (n=24,500) using the released weight commonweight. Field dates derived from starttime/endtime in the microdata.
Figures below are transcribed from these documents. Where they disagree with the source, the source governs.
Questions asked (3)
CES variable CC23_343a - criminalising gender-transition care for minors
Make it illegal for health care professionals to provide someone younger than 18 with medical care for a gender transition.
Wording notes: 'make it illegal' is a criminalisation frame rather than a restriction frame | no middle or don't-know option, which forces leaners onto one side | agree/disagree format is acquiescence-prone
unclear — agree/disagree items with no midpoint are known to attract acquiescence bias; note also that in 2025 the identical row text was asked as support/oppose, so cross-year comparison mixes formats
Subgroup figures (6)
CES variable CC23_343b - prohibiting classroom instruction on sexual orientation and identity
Prohibit classroom discussion or instruction on sexual orientation and identity in kindergarten to third grade or in older grades in "a manner that is not age-appropriate or developmentally appropriate".
Wording notes: quotes the Florida statute's own 'age-appropriate or developmentally appropriate' language, which is a strong legitimating cue | double-barreled: bundles a K-3 ban with a vaguer older-grades standard | no middle option
double_barreled — the item asks about two distinct policies at once and imports the statute's own favourable self-description ('age-appropriate'), which almost certainly inflates agreement
Subgroup figures (6)
CES variable CC23_343c - prohibiting public bodies from interfering with access to gender transition surgery
Prohibit local municipalities and other public bodies from interfering with a person's ability to obtain a gender transition operation.
Wording notes: double negative - agreeing means prohibiting interference, i.e. protecting access | no middle option
unclear — the double-negative construction ('prohibit ... from interfering') is cognitively demanding and the party split is much flatter than on the other two rows, which is consistent with some respondents misreading the direction
Subgroup figures (6)